Anthropometric Indices from Primary to High School in the West of Iran: Epidemiologic Trends

Examining the trend of anthropometric indices in children and adolescents in each region can be highly beneficial in providing effective strategies to improve the status of their growth. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the trend of anthropometric indices in students from primary to high school in the west of Iran. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and health certificates for anthropometric information of primary school students, and current anthropometric measurements with scale for high school students. Then, all of the data were analyzed in AnthroPlus and SPSS software. Of the 731 students, 350 were female and 381 were male. Mean height Z-score to age showed a significant reduction from primary to high school (from +0.0386 to −0.27416), and mean body mass index Z-score to age showed a significant increase (from −0.3916 to +0.1826). Prevalence of stunting and overweight/obesity in high school was 1.4 and 2.5 times higher than primary school, respectively, but the prevalence of wasting reduced by 2.3 fold. Girls were more affected by the increased trend of obesity and stunting compared to boys. Nutritional transition was evident in students. Healthcare policy-makers should design and implement a comprehensive health strategy to deal with this situation, especially in girls.

Comparison of 3 Nutritional Questionnaires to Determine Energy Intake Accuracy in Iranian Adults

A precision instrument is required to assess the nutritional status. This study was conducted on comparison of 3 nutritional questionnaires to determine energy intake (EI) accuracy in adults in Ravansar Non-Communicable Chronic Disease (RaNCD) cohort study. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 118 of participant's RaNCD. EI was evaluated with 3 questionnaires including food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), 24-hours recall (24HR), and food habits questionnaire (FHQ). Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured using indirect calorimetry. We used EI/RMR cut off to evaluate EI reporting status. The mean ± standard deviation of age in men and women were 44.1 ± 6.5 and 43.7 ± 5.25 respectively and 50.8% of participants were men. Among 3 EI estimating questionnaires, FFQ was more accurate than 2 other questionnaires (67.8%). We observed that implausible reporters of 24HR were likely overweight (p < 0.005) but we did not observe a significant difference between EI reporting of FFQ and FHQ with participants' body composition. Our finding showed that EI underreporting of 24HR and FHQ were high. Under reporters were seemed to be overweight. Therefore, these results suggested that among 3 nutritional questionnaires the FFQ was an appropriate approach to determine EI in this population due to plausible EI reporting was higher than 2 other nutritional questionnaires (24HR and FHQ).

Dietary Diversity Score and Its Related Factors among Employees of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

Dietary diversity score (DDS) is known as an indicator of food quality. Dietary diversity can promote health status. The aim of this study was determined DDS and its related factors in Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS) employees. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 190 employees of KUMS in 2015. According to the population of KUMS centers which were selected randomly (Paramedical, Public Health faculties, Imam Reza Hospital and province health center), subjects were selected by convenience sampling method. Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to calculate DDS. Foods were divided into 5 main groups: grains, vegetables, fruits, meat, and dairy products. The main groups had 23 subgroups. Total DDS divided to 4 quartiles: less than 3.0, 3.0–5.5, 5.6–8.5, and more than 8.5. Anthropometric parameters including: weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference were measured. Data were analyzed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, χ² test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) test with SPSS 20 software (IBM Corp., Chicago, IL, USA). The mean ± standard deviation of DDS and body mass index (BMI) were 5.68 ± 1.73 and 25.1 ± 3.42 kg/m², respectively. The average of the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) in men and women was 0.92 ± 0.04 and 0.86 ± 0.06, respectively. There was statistically significant difference between DDS and self-reported economic status (p < 0.022). No significant difference was observed between DDS and BMI or WC. However, significant negative correlation was observed between DDS and WHR in men (p < 0.019). This study showed that DDS had a negative correlation with the WHR. Therefore, dietary diversity may improve health status by effect on fat distribution in body.

[Effects of Benson's relaxation technique on self-efficacy among patients receiving hemodialysis]

Background and Aim: End-stage renal disease is a major health challenge worldwide. Patients with this disease need hemodialysis frequently. The disease and hemodialysis both negatively affect patients' self-efficacy. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Benson's relaxation technique on self-efficacy among patients receiving hemodialysis

Material and Methods: This clinical trial included 60 patients who had been on hemodialysis in Imam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah. Initially, patients' self-efficacy was evaluated by a General Self-Efficacy Scale. Then, patients were randomly allocated to either the control or the treatment groups. Patients in the treatment group were trained to perform the Benson's relaxation technique on a daily basis for 60 consecutive days at their homes. Patients in the control group received no relaxation intervention. Immediately after the study, the same scale was used for reevaluating patients' self-efficacy. We analyzed the data by independent t-test

Results: 44% of the patients were male and 56% were female with a mean age of 45.31 +/- 14.70 years. There was a significant difference between the mean values of self-efficacy before and after the intervention

Conclusion: Benson's relaxation technique had positive effects on self-efficacy among patients on hemodialysis. Therefore, it can be used for improving patients' self-efficacy in hemodialysis units

Recent trends and geographical distribution of thyroid cancer in iran from 2004 to 2009

To prevent and control the cancers in Iran, the Iranian Department of Health has released the cancer rates data of the country. As the report has suggested, the incidence rate of thyroid cancer would be the most rapidly increasing among all the cancers. The study has aimed to carry out a qualitative assessment of thyroid cancer in Iran, during the 2004 to 2009, in a cross-sectional setting. The incidence rates, the trend of individual provinces, the mean age at which the disease occurred, the correlation between incidence rate and median urinary iodine concentration were the parameters evaluated in our study. The average annual incidence rate during these six years was 2.17 per 100000. Chaharmahal-o-bakhtiari, had the highest incidence rate, but the East Azerbaijan provinces had the lowest incidence rates respectively. The age of diagnosis was the lowest in Ardebil but the highest in West Azerbaijan. In our study, we have found the positive correlation between thyroid cancer incidences with low urinary iodine concentration among all provinces [p-value=0.025]. Presently, the only recognized measure procedure for reducing thyroid cancer risk would be perhaps the correction of median urinary iodine concentration. Further researches have seemed to be required for investigation the other factors, in order to introduce preventive measures in Iran

Investigation of flood-vulnerable areas in Urmia city in order to reduce hazards and damages

Conversion of runoff into flood can cause irreparable damage to urban water gathering channels. A 20-fold increased of Urmia, new constructions development on the urban areas over the past five decades particularly on hills constructions and vegetation loss enormously and replacing with asphalt made this area prone to flooding and rainfall runoff especially during heavy rains at rainy seasons. According to the morphological specification, Urmia and its surroundings [about 200 Km[2]] were divided into different zones and investigated the torrents and vulnerable regions. Due to evaluation of more than 4000 data collected from Urmia Regional Water and Metrological Organization, about 27 million m3 rain and snow come to city annually. Primary evaluation shows that about 5 million m3 annually in spring seasons flow through the city. In this study, zones prone to runoff in Urmia city, margin and residential areas have been identified. The flood-prone areas were determined by using TOPSIS method and obtaining data from Meteorology Organization of West Azerbaijan during heavy rain for a five-year return period by combining existing data. According to this project, 17 separate regions are distinguished with respect to different morphological features. The studies showed that region No. 12 [about 757000 m[2]] with the ultimate point to ideal situation was the most flood-prone regions due to the cause and flow runoff and urban flooding; in a heavy spring rain about to 192 m[3]/min rainfall occurs, given the affecting coefficients much of it became runoff. Region No. 17 with about 1763000 m2, the closet point to ideal situation, was the most secure one on which heavy rain more than 275 m[3] was coming down. Weighting to the effective parameters involved in runoff showed that the connecting angle between natural draining systems and urban water gathering channels on the one hand, and the indicator of the length of channels and significant difference in height on the other hand had the maximum and minimum weight [effect] on the vulnerable criterion respectively. Accordingly, the regions 4, 12, 15 and 16 with about 3.4 Km[2] are the most vulnerable zones but on the other hand, the regions 17, 1, 2 and 3 are located on the low risk vulnerable zones. For this purpose, constructing the water gathering channels in urban areas, especially in the 4-6 and 8-16 regions is necessary to reduce the damages and hazards in these regions and also unpleasant sights in the heavy rains

Effect of fasting on mental health in the general population of Kermanshah, Iran

Multiple studies have noted the positive effect of fasting on mental health improvement. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of fasting on mental health in the general population of Kermanshah, Iran. In this analytical research, one-group pretest-posttest design was used for the evaluation of 110 residents of Kermanshah city. General Health Questionnaire [GHQ] with four subscales was utilized in order to assess the subjects' mental health. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 and paired t-test. There was a significant difference between pre- and post-test results in terms of general health score [t=3.138, P=0.002], i.e., fasting could increase the population's general health. There was a significant positive relationship between fasting and four subscales of general health including somatic symptoms [t=2.138, P=0.035], insomnia/anxiety [t=2.587, P=0.011], and social dysfunction [t=2.627, P=0.010]. However, fasting had no significant effect on severe depression and suicidal tendencies [t=1.700, P=0.092]. The obtained results showed that fasting has a positive effect on mental health in the general population of Kermanshah. Thus, more attention should be paid to fasting and its impact on people's mental health

[Nutritional Status of Working Children in Kermanshah, 2013]

Background: Starting to work from early age can have negative impact on the growth and nutritional status, especially if the children are employed in dangerous jobs. This study aimed to assess nutritional status and growth in working children who were working in Kermanshah.

Materials and Methods: This survey was a case-control study that wasdoneon90 working childrenand90not- working children in Kermanshah. Information related to anthropometric indices with measurements of height and weight, demographic data using demographic questionnaire and food intake using food frequency questionnaire were collected. To compare growth of children with standards we use body mass index percentiles for sex and age provided by Centres for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC].Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 16.

Results: Mean of age working children was 16.4 +/- 1.8 years and 15.7% of them were illiterate. Consumption of all food groups except the miscellaneous group in working children was significantly lower than not- working children[p<0.001].The prevalence of stunting in working children was 10% more than the not- working children. The prevalence of malnutrition based on body mass index in working children[36.1%], was approximately 50% more than the not- working children[16.5%], [P <0.01].

Conclusion: The finding so this study showed that indicators of nutritional status in working children have not favourable condition. This could bea risk factor for health of this group of children and a warning for affecting of them by kind of disease.

Serum lipid profile in psoriatic patients in Kermanshah: a survey on vascular adhesion protein-1

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by excessive cellular replication. Vascular adhesion protein-1 [VAP-1] is an adhesion molecule with an enzymatic activity that partakes in the migration process of lymphocytes into sites of inflammation. The current study aimed to investigate the plasma lipids and VAP-1 in serum of psoriatic patients in Kermanshah [Iran]. This was a descriptive analytical study carried out on 80 psoriatic patients, and 80 healthy volunteers as control group. Serum lipids [triglyceride [TG], cholesterol [Ch], HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol] were determined by enzymatic methods. The level of VAP-1 protein was evaluated by ELISA method. The mean levels of cholesterol, TG, HDL and LDL in patients were 167.7, 123.4, 44.1 and 112.3 mg/dl, respectively. However, these values in control group were 156.7, 113.3, 45.5 and 102.4 mg/dl, respectively. In addition, the mean of VAP-1 protein in psoriatic patients and control group was 289.8 and 192.7 ng/ml, respectively. Cholesterol level and VAP1 protein in psoriatic patients were found to be significantly higher than those of control group. The current study showed that the levels of cholesterol and VAP-1 in psoriasis patients were significantly higher than control group. This higher level may be account for high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases among these patients and it may be useful to do early screening and treatment of psoriatic patients to prevent the atherosclerosis and its complications

Fasting consequences during Ramadan on lipid profile and dietary patterns

The aim was to assess the effects on lifestyle and lipid profile while fasting during holy month of Ramadan. An interventional cohort study designed with 160 subjects who were fasting during Ramadan recruited from different mosques in Kermanshah. Data were collected in three stages at the beginning and at the end of Ramadan as well as one month following Ramadan using demographic and FFQ questionnaires. Blood pressure was measured and a 5 ml blood sample was collected in order to measure BUN, Creatinine, and lipid profile analysis. Significant increases was observed in total cholesterol [P=0.02], LDL-C [P=0.001], HDL-C [P=0.001], and BUN [P=0.002] following Ramadan compared with earlier measurements. Triglyceride [TG] level decreased following Ramadan [P=0.04] but returned to the same level one month later. Systolic blood pressure increased and diastolic blood pressure decreased during fasting period. There was a significant decrease in cereals, dairy products, and meat consumption while consumption of fruits and vegetables have been increased during Ramadan [P=0.003]. Our results revealed increased levels of T-Chol and LDL-C in fasting as well as HDL-C. Increased HDL-C may prevent the side effects of T-Chol and LDL-C in healthy subjects. Given the metabolic changes that occurred during Ramadan, healthy eating and intake of low fat and low sugar diet during Ramadan are highly recommended

Effect of white plastic cover around the phototherapy unit on hyperbilirubinemia in full term neonates

Jaundice is a common problem in neonatal period. Phototherapy is the most common treatment for neonatal jaundice. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding white plastic cover around the phototherapy unit on hyperbilirubinemia in full term neonates with jaundice. In this randomized controlled trial, over 12 months [October 2009 - September 2010], 182 term neonates with uncomplicated jaundice, admitted to neonatal unit of Imam Reza Hospital [AS] in Kermanshah province of Iran, were selected. They were randomized in two groups. Control group received conventional phototherapy without cover around the apparatus and covered group received conventional phototherapy with plastic cover around the unit. After enrolment, total serum bilirubin was measured every 12 hours. Phototherapy was continued until the total serum bilirubin decreased to or less than 12.5 mg/dl. There were no significant differences between the two groups for gestational age, birth weight, postnatal age, weight [at admission], serum level of hemoglobin, hematocrit and reticulocyte count. Total serum bilirubin in covered group, during the first 48 hours of treatment, declined significantly than in control group [P. value=0.003]. The cover around the phototherapy unit not only did not increase the side effects of phototherapy, but also had a positive impact in reducing duration of jaundice [P. value <0.0001] and duration of hospitalization [P. value <0.0001]. The study results showed that using white plastic cover around the phototherapy unit can increase the therapeutic effect of phototherapy

Epidemiological indices of non-melanoma skin cancers in Kermanshah, Iran

To obtain more accurate epidemiological data of non-melanoma skin cancers [NMSC]. This descriptive and analytical study was conducted amongst 133 patients pathologically documented as NMSC at Hajdaie Dermatological Clinic in Kermanshah, Iran, during 2009-10. In addition, specific findings such as type, location and number of the lesions, associated and underlying disorders were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16. Chi-square was used to compare the qualitative data. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. A total of 133 patients with 235 lesions, and their age ranging between 25 and 97 years were enrolled in this study. The ratio of basal cell carcinoma [BCC] to squamous cell carcinoma [SCC] was 7.3/1. NMSC are mostly seen as facial solitary lesions in outdoor workers and the people with moderate brown skin. However, no difference was found in its prevalence between males and females or residents of urban and rural areas. Familial and personal history and host susceptibility played no important role in our patients either [P value >0.05]. Solar keratosis was the most common associated skin lesion. NMSC was seen slightly more common in males. BCC was considerably more common than SCC in this study. All obtained indices were practically consistent with previous reports. Besides, ultraviolet light was still the most important factor for NMSC induction in our area

[ effect of short time diet therapy on lipid profiles in hyperlipidemia]

Hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for cardio vascular diseases [CVD], which may be protected by diet therapy and physical activity. The aim of the present study was the determination of the effects of diet therapy and nutritional education on lipid profiles in hyperlipidemic pateints. 73 subjects out of 183 subjects with hyperlipidemia were selected from our previous research for this semi-clinical trial study. Written consent forms were obtained and 5ml fasting blood sample was collected for TG, T-C, LDL-C and HDL-C analysis before and after intervention. Body composition was assessed using bioelectric impedance [Plusavis 333]. All participants received low fat, low cholesterol and high fiber diet including a nutritional guide booklet. Subjects were followed up using phone call every two weeks and data was analyzed using pair T-test and SPSS16. 45 subjects with average age of 45+8 year completed the study [16 female and 29 male]. There was significant reduction in BMI and weight after two months diet therapy [p<0.05]. Significant decrease was showed in LDL-C after two month intervention [104.2+2.3 vs. 90.1+2.9, p= 0.001]. The study showed borderline reduction in diastolic blood pressure. There was no significant difference for TG, T-C and systolic blood pressure before and after intervention. Reduction in BMI, weight and LDL-C during short time revealed the effects of diet therapy and nutritional education. Screening for hyperlipidemia and improving public nutritional knowledge using appropriate media to prevent CVD is highly recommended

[Comparing the effects of lecture-based and E-learning methods on learning and motivation of participants in continuing medical education]

Background and Objective: Education is one of the fundamental pillars for developing capabilities, skills and competencies in the society. Comparing e-learning and traditional teaching methods help teachers and educational stakeholders in designing, developing and implementing appropriate learning courses for learners. The purpose of this study was to compare lecture-based and e-learning methods effects on learning and motivating physicians on the topic of acute respiratory failure using models, strategies and techniques of instructional design

Methods: In a quasi-experimental study, 60 general physicians selected by available sampling were divided into two equal groups [n = 30] based on the two instructional methods. Learning content in the control group was based on the compiled programs of Continuing Medical Education and in the e-learning group it was based on the same programs with integration of the instructional design models. Data were collected in pre-test, post-test using motivation assessing questionnaire using Merrill and Reigeluth models

Results : There was no significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores of participants [P > 0.05]. But after educational programs, the motivation of physicians in control group [126.1 +/- 3.97] was significantly [P < 0.05] less than experimental group [143.83 +/- 5.45]

Conclusion: The results of this study showed a significant increase in participants' motivation after using electronic medical continuing education

[ application, validity and reliability of objective structured clinical examination [OSCE] for evaluation of carrying and transferring injured ones in Kermanshah paramedics' faculty emergency medical students in 2011]

Objective Structured Clinical Examination [OSCE] is used for learning evaluation in medical sciences. This study was conducted in order to investigate the application, validity and reliability of OSCE in carrying and transferring injured ones in Emergency Medical Students in Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in 2011. In this descriptive-correlation study, data was collected by using checklists of behavior control and multiple-choice questions in each station by examiners; also it was analyzed with SPSS-16. It was used of the methods of criterion related and construct and also internal Cronbach's coefficient in order to assess validity and reliability respectively. The census method was used due to the small population, 32 students in the third semester were participated in 8 stations. Data was analyzed by spss-16. The results of this study were as follows: OSCE mean scores were 28.31 [ +/- 8.81]; criterion related validity of stations with mid-term exam was 0.58; and the correlation coefficient with final theory exam was 0.69 [P<0.001]; construct validity between internal consistency of OSCE scores and total scores were significant in the eight station [r=0.63]; reliability of OSCE with Cronbach 's coefficient was r=0.53. According to this study, OSCE was a suitable tool with acceptable criterion related and construct validity for evaluation the course of carrying and transferring injured ones in Emergency Medical Students. In this study, the reliability was moderate and needed to be improved with scientific educational methods

Sleep disorders

It has been estimated that 20% of adults and children have sleep disorder symptoms and signs. Sleep disorders remain largely undiagnosed in the general population. Increasing evidence suggests that sleep alterations could favor subsequent depression and behavioral disturbances. Regarding high prevalence of sleep disorders in the general population and their effect on mental and physical functions, this study was aimed to assess the prevalence of sleep disorders among medical students in Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. Assessment of sleep disorders was done by Global Sleep Assessment Questionnaire [GSAQ]. In this descriptive study, frequency of insomnia, daytime sleepiness, non-idipathic insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome and paroxysmal leg movement, nightmares, sleep walking and a sense of depression or anxiety was calculated. A total number of 393 medical students, 151 male and 242 female, were recruited. One or more kinds of sleep disorders have been reported by 254 persons [64%]. The most frequent disorder was non-idiopathic insomnia [50.9%]. Frequency of idiopathic insomnia was 29.5%. Prevalence of daytime sleepiness was 21.4%. The least frequent disorder was sleep walking [1.5%]. Subjective sense of anxiety or depression was reported by 109 persons [27.7%]. Only 39 [9.9%] of the respondents had no disorder. Our findings suggest that sleep disorders are frequent in our studied population of medical students. More education about sleep disorders, sleep hygiene, and management of a life style which necessarily includes shift work and long hours of study, may lead to improved sleep patterns in medical students

[ effect of intravenous immunoglobulin on admission duration and mortality rate related to sepsis in preterm neonates]

The infection in the neonatal period is a significant cause of mortality in the preterm neonates. The transfer of the immunoglobulin from mother to fetus occurs mainly after 32 to 34 weeks of gestation. Therefore, preterm neonates are relatively immune compromised. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of intravenous immunoglobulin on mortality rates reduction in preterm neonates. A randomized clinical trial conducted from Jan2008 to July 2009 in Imam Reza hospital of Kermanshah - Iran. The population was 40 preterm neonates with gestational age less than 34 weeks admitted in the NICU with probable sepsis [clinical sepsis + Lab test]. They have been divided into two case and control groups with 20 subjects in each group. The case group received 500 mg/kg intravenous immunoglobulin during first 24 hours of admission in addition to routine treatments, which were the same in both group. Before and 6 hours after administration of intravenous immunoglobulin serum level of IgG was measured in treatment group. Then data were analyzed with SPSS software and Fisher's exact test and Chi [2] test were analyzed. Mortality rate was higher in control than treatment group, but it was no statistically significant. There were not significant differences in variables including the need for ventilation, exchange transfusion, admission duration and positive blood culture. Serum IgG levels significantly increased after administration of immunoglobulin in treatment group [p=0.001]. Using intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of sepsis increased serum level of IgG but did not effect on mortality rate and admission duration in preterm neonates

[Diagnostic value of kidney length and volume in sonography for determining kidney scar among infants with urinary infection]

Diagnosis of kidney scar could prevent vesico urethral reflax and its complications such as hypertension and renal failure. This study was conducted to determine average kidney length and volume in infants by sonography to accurate diagnosis of scars. This study was conducted on infants with the history of UTI who referred to Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah Iran, for DMSA scan. They underwent kidney sonography before DMSA scan. Difference in kidney length and volume were calculated and data was recorded and were analyzed using statistical tests. Right kidney length was less than left in 60% of right kidney scars this rate was 77.8% in nonscar patients [P=0.657]. Left kidney length was less than right in 50% of left kidney scar and that was 22% in nonscar patients [P=0.241]. Kidney volume was smaller than other side in 55.6% of right kidney scar and 62.5% of left kidney scar. Higher length detected in 100% and 47% of right and left kidney inflammation respectively. Higher volume detected in 40% and 76.5% of right and left kidney inflammation. In comparison with other studies suggesting kidney length as a valuable predictor for diagnosis of scar we did not find any relationship between scar and kidney length or volume

[Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and high risk behaviors among women who have referred to a de-addiction center in Kermanshah]

Drug addiction is one of the social health problems at the present century. The high risk sexual behaviors as well as drug abusing are factors of sexually transmitted infections. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and high risk behaviors among women who have referred to a de-addiction center. In this descriptive study, 76 women who have referred to Niloofar de-addiction center in Kermanshah-Western Iran, were recruited using convenience sampling method. Questionnaire was completed by all subjects and blood sample were taken to determine Hepatitis B, Syphilis, and Herpes simplex virus infection. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t- test, Chi-2 and the Fisher exact test. The mean age of women was 35.22 +/- 0.99 year. 51.3% of subjects were illiterate and 48.7% were supported by social welfare system. There were not common needle using and multiple sexual contacts in the subjects. None of the subjects had positive test for hepatitis B and syphilis but HSV antibody was determined in 91.6% of subjects. In this study, high-risk behaviors and sexually transmitted diseases were less than expected. This study was carried out in a state governmental clinic, future studies in different populations of addicted women referred to prison and private sectors are recommended

[ effect of Kermanshahi animal oil on serum lipid profile in healthy men]

During the procedure of Kermanshahi oil production, some changes occur, which might affect the lipid profile of oil. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Kermanshahi animal oil on the lipid profile in healthy men. Twenty five healthy men participated in this clinical trial study. After ten days, wash out period that subjects did not consume Kermanshahi animal oil and it was replaced with same amount of butter, serum lipid levels [TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C], were measured. Then subjects received 30 g/day Kermanshahi animal oil for 1 month at lunch in replace of other fats. We asked to subjects do not use Kermanshahi animal oil in other meals and replace it with the same amount of butter. After this period, serum lipid and lipoproteins were measured again. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, independent t-test using SPSS soft ware version 12. Following 30 days intake of Kermanshahi animal oil, there was no change in the total cholesterol level [153.40 +/- 21.86 vs. 153.92 +/- 24.64 mg/dl]. Mean level of LDL-C increased [from 89.08 +/- 19.73 to 92.25 +/- 22.12 mg/dl] while TG concentration decreased from 112.84 +/- 22.33 to 107.76 +/- 25.46 and HDL-C level decreased from 41.40 +/- 5.08 to 40.76 +/- 6.39 mg/dl, but none of these differences were significant [P>0.05]. Present study showed that consumption of 30 g/day Kermanshahi animal oil for 1 month has no effect on serum lipid levels in healthy men